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Author	Year	PubMed	Publisher site	One sentence summary	Ages	# subjects	Number of subjects details	Ethnicity	Ethnicity details	Months	Lenses	Lenses details	Study design	Main Outcome Measures	Baseline AL (mm)	∂ AL (mm)	Baseline Refraction (D)	∂ SER (D)	Dropout	Full abstract from PubMed	Link to paper
Fake	2020	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15875367/	https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02713680590907256	Surprisinly good in White patients. As expected in Asians. 🟠	8-11	100	50 Lens A 50 Lens B	Asian White	Asians mainly Singaporean Whites mainly Swiss	12	Lens A Lens B	Lens A 2020 version with coating Lens B 2018 version no coating	RCT	Refractive Error Change VA Improvement Safety Adverse Events	Lens A: 26.05 ± 0.80 Lens B: 25.97 ± 0.53	Lens A: 0.19 ± 0.21 Lens B: 0.51 ± 0.32				Purpose: Myopia is a common ocular disorder, and progression of myopia in children is of increasing concern. Modern overnight orthokeratology (ortho-k) is effective for myopic reduction and has been claimed to be effective in slowing the progression of myopia (myopic control) in children, although scientific evidence for this has been lacking. This 2 year pilot study was conducted to determine whether ortho-k can effectively reduce and control myopia in children. Methods: We monitored the growth of axial length (AL) and vitreous chamber depth (VCD) in 35 children (7-12 years of age), undergoing ortho-k treatment and compared the rates of change with 35 children wearing single-vision spectacles from an earlier study (control). For the ortho-k subjects, we also determined the changes in corneal curvature and the relationships with changes of refractive errors, AL and VCD. Results: The baseline spherical equivalent refractive errors (SER), the AL, and VCD of the ortho-k and control subjects were not statistically different. All the ortho-k subjects found post-ortho-k unaided vision acceptable in the daytime. The residual SER at the end of the study was -0.18 +/- 0.69 D (dioptre) and the reduction (less myopic) in SER was 2.09 +/- 1.34 D (all values are mean +/- SD). At the end of 24 months, the increases in AL were 0.29 +/- 0.27 mm and 0.54 +/- 0.27 mm for the ortho-k and control groups, respectively (unpaired t test; p = 0.012); the increases in VCD were 0.23 +/- 0.25 mm and 0.48 +/- 0.26 mm for the ortho-k and control groups, respectively (p = 0.005). There was significant initial corneal flattening in the ortho-k group but no significant relationships were found between changes in corneal power and changes in AL and VCD. Conclusion: Ortho-k can have both a corrective and preventive/control effect in childhood myopia. However, there are substantial variations in changes in eye length among children and there is no way to predict the effect for individual subjects.
Fake	2021							Check 3
Fake	2022
Walline et al. 2004					8-11		29 (completed: 23)	White	White & Asian (US)	6	Paragon CRT	Paragon CRT HDS-100	pilot/ prospective case series	Refractive Error Change VA Improvement Safety Adverse Events	--	--	-2.44 ± 1.38	2.28	6 (21%)		the_children_s_overnight_orthokeratology.7.pdf
Walline et al. 2004					8-11		29 (completed: 23)	Asian	White & Asian (US)	6	Paragon CRT	Paragon CRT HDS-100	pilot/ prospective case series	Refractive Error Change VA Improvement Safety Adverse Events	--	--	-2.44 ± 1.38	2.28	6 (21%)		the_children_s_overnight_orthokeratology.7.pdf
Cho et al.	2005	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15875367/	https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02713680590907256	Ortho-k works; substantial variations and prediction is poor.	7-12	70	35 OK 35 SVS	Asian	Chinese (HK)	24	Boston XO	Five-zone Boston XO Paragon CRT HDS-100	pilot/cohort	Axial Length Change Refractive Error Change Vitreous Chamber Depth Change Corneal Curvature	24.50 ± 0.71	0.29 ± 0.27	-2.27 ± 1.09	2.09 ± 1.34	8 (19%)	Purpose: Myopia is a common ocular disorder, and progression of myopia in children is of increasing concern. Modern overnight orthokeratology (ortho-k) is effective for myopic reduction and has been claimed to be effective in slowing the progression of myopia (myopic control) in children, although scientific evidence for this has been lacking. This 2 year pilot study was conducted to determine whether ortho-k can effectively reduce and control myopia in children. Methods: We monitored the growth of axial length (AL) and vitreous chamber depth (VCD) in 35 children (7-12 years of age), undergoing ortho-k treatment and compared the rates of change with 35 children wearing single-vision spectacles from an earlier study (control). For the ortho-k subjects, we also determined the changes in corneal curvature and the relationships with changes of refractive errors, AL and VCD. Results: The baseline spherical equivalent refractive errors (SER), the AL, and VCD of the ortho-k and control subjects were not statistically different. All the ortho-k subjects found post-ortho-k unaided vision acceptable in the daytime. The residual SER at the end of the study was -0.18 +/- 0.69 D (dioptre) and the reduction (less myopic) in SER was 2.09 +/- 1.34 D (all values are mean +/- SD). At the end of 24 months, the increases in AL were 0.29 +/- 0.27 mm and 0.54 +/- 0.27 mm for the ortho-k and control groups, respectively (unpaired t test; p = 0.012); the increases in VCD were 0.23 +/- 0.25 mm and 0.48 +/- 0.26 mm for the ortho-k and control groups, respectively (p = 0.005). There was significant initial corneal flattening in the ortho-k group but no significant relationships were found between changes in corneal power and changes in AL and VCD. Conclusion: Ortho-k can have both a corrective and preventive/control effect in childhood myopia. However, there are substantial variations in changes in eye length among children and there is no way to predict the effect for individual subjects.	The Longitudinal Orthokeratology Research in Children LORIC in Hong Kong A Pilot Study on Refractive Changes and Myopic Control.pdf
Cho et al. 2005		https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15875367/			7-12		35 SVS	Asian	Chinese (HK)	24	Paragon CRT	five-zone Boston XO or Paragon CRT HDS-100	pilot/cohort	Axial Length Change Refractive Error Change Vitreous Chamber Depth Change Corneal Curvature	24.64 ± 0.58	0.54 ± 0.27	-2.55 ± 0.98	-1.20 ± 0.61	--		The Longitudinal Orthokeratology Research in Children LORIC in Hong Kong A Pilot Study on Refractive Changes and Myopic Control.pdf
Walline et al. 2009					8-11		40 (completed: 28) 28 SCL	White	White (US)	24	Paragon CRT	Paragon CRT HDS-100	pilot/cohort	Axial Length Changes Vitreous Chamber Depth Change	24.30 ± 0.73 24.20 ± 0.63	0.25 0.57	--	--	12 (30%) --		1181.full.pdf
Charm et al. 2013		https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23645372/			8-11		26 OK 26 SVS	Asian	Chinese (HK)	24	DreamLite	DreamLite	RCT	Axial Length Change Refractive Error Change	26.05 ± 0.80 25.97 ± 0.53	0.19 ± 0.21 0.51 ± 0.32	-6.38 -6.00	4.50 -1.00	14 (54%) 10 (38%)		High Myopia–Partial Reduction Ortho-k_ A 2-Year Randomized Study.pdf
Downie 2013					5-16		26 OK	White	White & Asian (AU)	24	Boston XO	BE lenses (Boston XO; Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, NY) and/or Paragon CRT Paragon CRT only (16 of 26 eyes), BE only (3 of 26 eyes), combination of Paragon CRT and BE (7 of 26)	retrospective cohort	Comparative Rate of Change in Manifest Myopic Refractive Prescription (D/year)	--	--	OK: -2.91 ± 0.2	OK eyes had a significantly lower rate of manifest myopic refractive change for all treatment intervals up to 8 years. CONTROL: -0.46 ± 0.06 D/year	--		corneal_reshaping_influences_myopic_prescription.9.pdf
Downie 2013		https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23771013/			5-16		30 SVS	Asian	White & Asian (AU)	24	Paragon CRT	BE lenses (Boston XO; Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, NY) and/or Paragon CRT Paragon CRT only (16 of 26 eyes), BE only (3 of 26 eyes), combination of Paragon CRT and BE (7 of 26)	retrospective cohort	Comparative Rate of Change in Manifest Myopic Refractive Prescription (D/year)	--	--	OK: -2.91 ± 0.2	OK eyes had a significantly lower rate of manifest myopic refractive change for all treatment intervals up to 8 years. CONTROL: -0.46 ± 0.06 D/year	--		corneal_reshaping_influences_myopic_prescription.9.pdf
Yang et al. 2020					8 -15		CRT: 40 (completed:34)	Asian	Chinese	12	Paragon CRT	Paragon CRT DreamLite	RCT	Axial Length Change Corneal Topographic Parameters (decentration, treatment-zone size, Rmax, X50, Sum4, Sum8) Refractive Parameters (spherical equivalent, corneal apical power, steep and flat keratometry) RCRP Shift profiles (Rmax, X50, Sum4, Sum8)	CRT: 24.94 ± 0.76 Dream: 24.91 ± 0.91	CRT: 0.25 ± 0.22 Dream: 0.15 ± 0.16	CRT: -3.31 ± 1.42 Dream: -3.32 ± 1.57	--	CRT: 6 (15%)		The Effect of Relative Corneal Refractive Power Shift Distribution on Axial Length Growth in Myopic Children Undergoing Orthokeratology Treatment.pdf
Yang et al. 2020					8 -15		Dream: 40 (completed: 36)	Asian	Chinese	12	DreamLite	Paragon CRT DreamLite	RCT	Axial Length Change Corneal Topographic Parameters (decentration, treatment-zone size, Rmax, X50, Sum4, Sum8) Refractive Parameters (spherical equivalent, corneal apical power, steep and flat keratometry) RCRP Shift profiles (Rmax, X50, Sum4, Sum8)	CRT: 24.94 ± 0.76 Dream: 24.91 ± 0.91	CRT: 0.25 ± 0.22 Dream: 0.15 ± 0.16	CRT: -3.31 ± 1.42 Dream: -3.32 ± 1.57	--	Dream: 4 (10%)		The Effect of Relative Corneal Refractive Power Shift Distribution on Axial Length Growth in Myopic Children Undergoing Orthokeratology Treatment.pdf
Fang et al. 2022					7-15		OK: 29 (completed: 20) MFSCL: 26 (completed: 22) SVS: 26 (completed: 24)	Asian	Chinese	12	Paragon CRT	Paragon CRT	RCT	Axial Length Change Refractive Error Change Corneal Endothelial Cell Density	MFSCL: 25.14 ± 0.22 OK: 24.97 ± 0.15 SVS: 25.02 ± 0.20	MFSCL: 0.31 ± 0.03 OK :0.34 ± 0.04 SVS: 0.45 ± 0.04	MFSCL: -3.233 ± 0.326 OK: -2.681 ± 0.279 SVS: -3.031 ± 0.306	MFSCL: -0.631 ± 0.118 OK: not done SVS: -1.005 ± 0.116	OK: 9 (31%) MFSCL: 4 (15%) SVS: 2 (8%)		retardation_of_myopia_by_multifocal_soft_contact.4.pdf
Hahn et al. 2022					9-15		10	Asian	Korean	6	Paragon CRT	Paragon CRT (11 eyes) LK® CH2 OK Lens (LK; Lucid Korea, Inc., Seoul, Korea) (4 eyes)	retrospective observational	Change in SA Change in UCVA BCVA spherical equivalent Total HOAs Other Specific HOAs (defocus, primary astigmatism, coma, trefoil, secondary astigmatism, and quadrafoil)	--	--	-2.88 ± 0.68	2.29	--		jpm-12-01686.pdf
Hahn et al. 2022					9-15		10	Asian	Korean	6	LK Lucid	Paragon CRT (11 eyes) LK® CH2 OK Lens (LK; Lucid Korea, Inc., Seoul, Korea) (4 eyes)	retrospective observational	Change in SA Change in UCVA BCVA spherical equivalent Total HOAs Other Specific HOAs (defocus, primary astigmatism, coma, trefoil, secondary astigmatism, and quadrafoil)	--	--	-2.88 ± 0.68	2.29	--		jpm-12-01686.pdf
Jakobsen et al. 2022					6-12		30 OK 30 SVS	White	Scandinavian (DK)	18	DreamLite	DreamLite	RCT	Axial Length Change	OK: 23.92 ± 0.52 SVS: 24.32 ± 0.69	OK: 0.19 ± 0.18 SVS: 0.43 ± 0.23	OK: -1.88 SVS: -2.16		OK 11 (37%) SVS 2 (7%)		Acta Ophthalmologica - 2021 - Jakobsen.pdf
Lu et al. 2022		https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35433737/			8-15		263 CRT	Asian	Chinese	18	Paragon CRT	Paragon CRT, OZD: 6.0 VST: Euclid (Euclid Systems Corporation, Herndon,Virginia, USA), OZD: 6.2 Alpha (Alpha Corporation, Nagoya, Japan), OZD: 6.0 Hiline (NanpengHiline Inc., Taiwan, China), OZD: 6.0	retrospective observational cross-sectional	Axial Length Change Refractive Error Change Safety Adverse Events	CRT: 24.91 ± 0.82	CRT: 0.41 ± 0.27	CRT: -3.22 ± 1.42	A significantly higher proportion (37.3%) of subjects wearing CRT lenses experienced rapid myopic progression (refraction growth $\ge$ 1 D), compared to the other three groups, where the incidence ranged from 20.2% to 30.8%.	--		fmed-09-798314.pdf
Lu et al. 2022		https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35433737/			8-15		277 Euclid	Asian	Chinese	18	Euclid	Paragon CRT, OZD: 6.0 VST: Euclid (Euclid Systems Corporation, Herndon,Virginia, USA), OZD: 6.2 Alpha (Alpha Corporation, Nagoya, Japan), OZD: 6.0 Hiline (NanpengHiline Inc., Taiwan, China), OZD: 6.0	retrospective observational cross-sectional	Axial Length Change Refractive Error Change Safety Adverse Events	Euclid: 24.97 ± 0.81	Euclid: 0.29 ± 0.24	Euclid: -3.14 ± 1.02	A significantly higher proportion (37.3%) of subjects wearing CRT lenses experienced rapid myopic progression (refraction growth $\ge$ 1 D), compared to the other three groups, where the incidence ranged from 20.2% to 30.8%.	--		fmed-09-798314.pdf
Lu et al. 2022		https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35433737/			8-15		236 Alpha	Asian	Chinese	18	Alpha	Paragon CRT, OZD: 6.0 VST: Euclid (Euclid Systems Corporation, Herndon,Virginia, USA), OZD: 6.2 Alpha (Alpha Corporation, Nagoya, Japan), OZD: 6.0 Hiline (NanpengHiline Inc., Taiwan, China), OZD: 6.0	retrospective observational cross-sectional	Axial Length Change Refractive Error Change Safety Adverse Events	Alpha: 25.05 ± 0.84	Alpha: 0.32 ± 0.26	Alpha: -3.45 ± 1.41	A significantly higher proportion (37.3%) of subjects wearing CRT lenses experienced rapid myopic progression (refraction growth $\ge$ 1 D), compared to the other three groups, where the incidence ranged from 20.2% to 30.8%.	--		fmed-09-798314.pdf
Lu et al. 2022		https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35433737/			8-15		225 Hiline	Asian	Chinese	18	Hiline	Paragon CRT, OZD: 6.0 VST: Euclid (Euclid Systems Corporation, Herndon,Virginia, USA), OZD: 6.2 Alpha (Alpha Corporation, Nagoya, Japan), OZD: 6.0 Hiline (NanpengHiline Inc., Taiwan, China), OZD: 6.0	retrospective observational cross-sectional	Axial Length Change Refractive Error Change Safety Adverse Events	Hiline: 24.87 ± 0.86	Hiline: 0.34 ± 0.25	Hiline: -3.25 ± 1.52	A significantly higher proportion (37.3%) of subjects wearing CRT lenses experienced rapid myopic progression (refraction growth $\ge$ 1 D), compared to the other three groups, where the incidence ranged from 20.2% to 30.8%.	--		fmed-09-798314.pdf
Qi et al. 2022					8-15		73	Asian	Chinese	12	DreamLite	DreamLite	retrospective observational	Axial Length Change	24.86 ± 0.67	0.18 ± 0.17	-3.22 ± 1.19		--		s12886-022-02294-1.pdf
Zhang et al. 2022					8-13		76 (completed: 67)	Asian	Chinese	12	Paragon CRT	Paragon CRT	prospective observational cohort	Axial Length Change RCRP Change (a measurement used to quantify changes in the corneal refractive power)	24.64 ± 0.66	0.32 ± 0.18	-2.55 ± 0.90	2.02	9 (12%)		tvst-11-2-18.pdf
Holmes et al. 2023					5-18		102	White	White & Asian (US)	12	Paragon CRT	Paragon CRT Paragon CRT DA	retrospective observational	Axial Length Change	24.53 ± 0.82	0.18 ± 0.24	-2.54 ± 1.12		--		retrospective_analysis_of_axial_length_changes_in.149.pdf
Holmes et al. 2023					5-18		102	Asian	White & Asian (US)	12	Paragon CRT DA	Paragon CRT Paragon CRT DA	retrospective observational	Axial Length Change	24.53 ± 0.82	0.18 ± 0.24	-2.54 ± 1.12		--		retrospective_analysis_of_axial_length_changes_in.149.pdf
Huang et al. 2023					8-15		47 effective group (axial elongation was ≤ 0.25 mm/year): 24 CRT/23 Alpha	Asian	Chinese	12	Paragon CRT	Paragon CRT Alpha	retrospective observational	Factors Influencing Axial Length Change HOAs Corneal Shape Effects	effective group: 24.65 ± 0.51	--	effective group: 2.41 ± 1.13	--	--		41598_2023_Article_34580.pdf
Huang et al. 2023					8-15		31 ineffective group (axial elongation was > 0.25 mm/year): 26 CRT/5 Alpha	Asian	Chinese	12	Alpha	Paragon CRT Alpha	retrospective observational	Factors Influencing Axial Length Change HOAs Corneal Shape Effects	ineffective group: 24.44 ± 0.54	--	ineffective group: 2.50 ± 0.87	--	--		41598_2023_Article_34580.pdf
Kou et al. 2023					8-14		160 Paragon CRT	Asian	Chinese	12	Paragon CRT	Paragon CRT, OZD: 6.0 mm Euclid, OZD: 6.6 mm	retrospective observational	Axial Length Change TZD	CRT: 24.58 ± 0.61	CRT: 0.32 ± 0.20	CRT: -2.50 ± 0.77		--		study_on_related_factors_of_the_treatment_zone.135.pdf
Kou et al. 2023					8-14		155 Euclid	Asian	Chinese	12	Euclid	Paragon CRT, OZD: 6.0 mm Euclid, OZD: 6.6 mm	retrospective observational	Axial Length Change TZD	Euclid: 24.62 ± 0.64	Euclid: 0.25 ± 0.20	Euclid: -2.72 ± 0.85		--		study_on_related_factors_of_the_treatment_zone.135.pdf
Sun et al. 2023					8-15		myopic eyes: 70	Asian	Chinese	12	0ORTHO	0ORTHO®-K (Boston, MA) or Paragon CRT	retrospective observational	Axial Length Changes The relationship between changes in AL and the refractive error	myopic: 24.41 ± 0.11	myopic: 0.109 ± 0.208	myopic eyes: -2.39 ± 1.05		--		3110478.pdf
Sun et al. 2023					8-15		non-myopic eyes: 70	Asian	Chinese	12	Paragon CRT	0ORTHO®-K (Boston, MA) or Paragon CRT	retrospective observational	Axial Length Changes The relationship between changes in AL and the refractive error	non-myopic: 23.44 ± 0.09	non-myopic: 0.443 ± 0.244			--		3110478.pdf
Zhang et al. 2023					8-13		42 Euclid	Asian	Chinese	12	Euclid	Euclid, OZD: 6.2mm DRL (Precilens, France), OZD: 5.0mm Paragon CRT, OZD: 6.0mm	retrospective observational cohort/ cross-sectional	Axial Length Change RCRP Change	Euclid: 24.92 ± 0.77	Euclid: 0.26 ± 0.14	Euclid: -2.68 ± 0.90	Power Exponent: (a measure of the asphericity of the treatment zone) was significantly smaller in the DRL group compared to the other two groups (Euclid and CRT). A smaller power exponent suggests a more aspheric treatment zone, indicating how the power distribution changes from the center to the mid-periphery of the cornea. Xmax: (represents the distance from the corneal apex where the maximum relative corneal refractive power change occurs) the DRL group had a significantly smaller Xmax compared to the Euclid and CRT groups. This means that the DRL lenses induced changes closer to the corneal apex. Ymax: (represents the amount of maximum relative corneal refractive power change) was not significantly different among the three lens groups. In other words, the study did not find significant differences in the amount of power change between the groups.	--		1-s2.0-S1367048422002041-main.pdf
Zhang et al. 2023					8-13		28 DRL	Asian	Chinese	12	DRL	Euclid, OZD: 6.2mm DRL (Precilens, France), OZD: 5.0mm Paragon CRT, OZD: 6.0mm	retrospective observational cohort/ cross-sectional	Axial Length Change RCRP Change	DRL: 24 ± 0.71	DRL: 0.09 ± 0.14	DRL: -2.84 ± 0.98	Power Exponent: (a measure of the asphericity of the treatment zone) was significantly smaller in the DRL group compared to the other two groups (Euclid and CRT). A smaller power exponent suggests a more aspheric treatment zone, indicating how the power distribution changes from the center to the mid-periphery of the cornea. Xmax: (represents the distance from the corneal apex where the maximum relative corneal refractive power change occurs) the DRL group had a significantly smaller Xmax compared to the Euclid and CRT groups. This means that the DRL lenses induced changes closer to the corneal apex. Ymax: (represents the amount of maximum relative corneal refractive power change) was not significantly different among the three lens groups. In other words, the study did not find significant differences in the amount of power change between the groups.	--		1-s2.0-S1367048422002041-main.pdf
Zhang et al. 2023					8-13		67 CRT	Asian	Chinese	12	Paragon CRT	Euclid, OZD: 6.2mm DRL (Precilens, France), OZD: 5.0mm Paragon CRT, OZD: 6.0mm	retrospective observational cohort/ cross-sectional	Axial Length Change RCRP Change	CRT: 24.64 ± 0.66	CRT: 0.32 ± 0.18	CRT: -2.55 ± 0.90	Power Exponent: (a measure of the asphericity of the treatment zone) was significantly smaller in the DRL group compared to the other two groups (Euclid and CRT). A smaller power exponent suggests a more aspheric treatment zone, indicating how the power distribution changes from the center to the mid-periphery of the cornea. Xmax: (represents the distance from the corneal apex where the maximum relative corneal refractive power change occurs) the DRL group had a significantly smaller Xmax compared to the Euclid and CRT groups. This means that the DRL lenses induced changes closer to the corneal apex. Ymax: (represents the amount of maximum relative corneal refractive power change) was not significantly different among the three lens groups. In other words, the study did not find significant differences in the amount of power change between the groups.	--		1-s2.0-S1367048422002041-main.pdf
Fake 2	2010
Author								Ethnicity		Months	Lenses